Percutaneous Endoscope-assisted Visualized Implantation of Puncture Cylindrical Electrodes for Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study.

With the assistance of percutaneous spinal endoscopy, introducer needles can be punctured through the ligamentum flavum at the anticipated interlaminar window locus under direct visualization, improving the convenience of the puncture and reducing fluoroscopic exposure. It is a viable alternative for surgeons from diverse training backgrounds to implant PEs, particularly benefiting those well-versed in endoscopic spine surgery techniques.