Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patterns in Rare Cardiovascular Diseases.
George Markousis-MavrogenisAikaterini GiannakopoulouAntonios BelegrinosMaria Roser PonsMaria BonouVasiliki VartelaAntigoni PapavasiliouAikaterini ChristidiSoultana KourtidouGenovefa KolovouFlora BacopoulouGeorge P ChrousosSophie I MavrogeniPublished in: Journal of clinical medicine (2022)
Rare cardiovascular diseases (RCDs) have low incidence but major clinical impact. RCDs' classification includes Class I-systemic circulation, Class II-pulmonary circulation, Class III-cardiomyopathies, Class IV-congenital cardiovascular diseases (CVD), Class V-cardiac tumors and CVD in malignancy, Class VI-cardiac arrhythmogenic disorders, Class VII-CVD in pregnancy, Class VIII-unclassified rare CVD. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is useful in the diagnosis/management of RCDs, as it performs angiography, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization in the same examination. Edema expressed as a high signal in STIRT2 or increased T2 mapping is common in acute/active inflammatory states. Diffuse subendocardial fibrosis, expressed as diffuse late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), is characteristic of microvascular disease as in systemic sclerosis, small vessel vasculitis, cardiac amyloidosis, and metabolic disorders. Replacement fibrosis, expressed as LGE, in the inferolateral wall of the left ventricle (LV) is typical of neuromuscular disorders. Patchy LGE with concurrent edema is typical of myocarditis, irrespective of the cause. Cardiac hypertrophy is characteristic in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and Anderson-Fabry Disease (AFD), but LGE is located in the IVS, subendocardium and lateral wall in HCM, CA and AFD, respectively. Native T1 mapping is increased in HCM and CA and reduced in AFD. Magnetic resonance angiography provides information on aortopathies, such as Marfan, Turner syndrome and Takayasu vasculitis. LGE in the right ventricle is the typical finding of ARVC, but it may involve LV, leading to the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Tissue changes in RCDs may be detected only through parametric imaging indices.
Keyphrases
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- left ventricular
- magnetic resonance
- cardiovascular disease
- systemic sclerosis
- magnetic resonance imaging
- high resolution
- contrast enhanced
- computed tomography
- pulmonary hypertension
- heart failure
- optical coherence tomography
- machine learning
- healthcare
- minimally invasive
- pregnant women
- deep learning
- metabolic syndrome
- photodynamic therapy
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- cardiovascular events
- health information
- multiple myeloma
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation