Unraveling the Active Sites on Mesoporous CuFe 2 O 4 @N-Carbon Catalysts with Abundant Oxygen Vacancies and M-N-C Content for Boosted Nitrogen Reduction Toward Electrosynthesis of Ammonia.

Transition metal centers dispersed over nitrogen-doped carbon (M-NC) supports have been widely explored for electrocatalytic reactions; however, sparsely reported for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR). Particularly, the single-atom catalysts (SACs) have shown reasonable ammonia yield rate and faradaic efficiency (FE), but their complex synthesis and low durability for long-term electrocatalysis runs restrict their use on a larger scale. Importantly, the catalytic active sites in metal nanostructured-based M-NC catalysts toward enhanced N 2 adsorption and activation are still not clear as they are highly challenging to reveal. A few studies have predicted that the surface oxygen vacancies (O vac ) favor an enhanced ENRR performance. Herein, a strategy using tailored M-NC content and O vac in a single catalyst for enhanced ammonia electrosynthesis is devised. A mesoporous bimetallic spinel oxide (CuFe 2 O 4 ) supported over N-doped carbon (CuFe 2 O 4 @NC) derived from Prussian blue analog (PBA) via controlled pyrolysis possess is found to show boosted ENRR activity. Moreover, operando NH 3 formation over the catalyst is observed using four electrode set up. This approach enables rapid evaluation ofelectrocatalytic efficacy and avoids false positive results. The rotating disc electrode results reveal that mass transport in acidic media and surface absorption in alkline media primarily regulate ENRR over CuFe 2 O 4 @NC electrocatalyst.