Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VaIN) after Hysterectomy Is Strongly Associated with Persistent HR-HPV Infection.

All these elements suggest that it is a history of HPV-related disease of the lower genital tract and viral persistence, rather than hysterectomy itself, that should be considered risk factors for the development of high-grade VaIN. After hysterectomy, patients with a history of CIN should undergo annual screening with vaginal dome cytology and HPV testing.