Water consumption of electric power system in China: from electricity generation to consumption.

Understanding the water requirement of electricity generation is critical to the development of both electricity and water systems, while the water consumption of the whole electric power system remains unrevealed. Here, we examine the water consumption driven by electricity generation, transmission, and consumption in China, finding that 14 billion m 3 of freshwater is consumed by electricity generation in 2019 and that 2.5 billion m 3 of freshwater was virtually transferred via electricity transmission. Nationally, the freshwater consumption per unit of electricity generation was 1.9 m 3 /MWh. Based on the state-of-the-art electricity transmission data, we find that 59% of the transported electric power was from water-scarce provinces and 0.7 billion m 3 of freshwater was lost due to the electricity loss in transmission lines in China. It is essential to link water resources with the whole electric power system (production, transmission, and consumption) rather than only part of the power system as in previous research.