Opioid Dependence and Associated Health Care Utilization and Cost in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Population: Analysis Using Marketscan Database.

Opioid use and dependence were associated with high health care utilization and cost after SCI. Pre-SCI opioid users were more likely to remain users post-SCI and were heavier consumers of health care. Pre- and postopioid use history should be considered for treatment decision-making in all individuals with SCI.