Influence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone on biofilm dynamics, protease, and siderophore production by Burkholderia pseudomallei .

Efflux pump inhibitors are a potential therapeutic strategy for managing antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. This article evaluated the effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) on the biofilm growth dynamics and the production of virulence factors by Burkholderia pseudomallei . The effects of CCCP on planktonic, growing, and mature biofilm, interaction with antibacterial drugs, and protease and siderophore production were assessed. CCCP MICs ranged between 128 and 256 µM. The CCCP (128 µM) had a synergic effect with all the antibiotics tested against biofilms. Additionally, CCCP reduced ( p  < .05) the biomass of biofilm growth and mature biofilms at 128 and 512 µM, respectively. CCCP also decreased ( p  < .05) protease production by growing (128 µM) and induced ( p  < .05) siderophore release by planktonic cells (128 µM) growing biofilms (12.8 and 128 µM) and mature biofilms (512 µM). CCCP demonstrates potential as a therapeutic adjuvant for disassembling B. pseudomallei biofilms and enhancing drug penetration.