Modification of the PM 2.5 - and extreme heat-mortality relationships by historical redlining: a case-crossover study in thirteen U.S. states.

and extreme heat on mortality by non-external causes, suggesting that interventions to reduce environmental health disparities can be more effective by also considering the social context of an area and how to reduce disparities there. Further study is required to ascertain the specific pathways through which this effect modification operates and to develop interventions that can contribute to health equity for individuals living in these areas.