Nanozyme-Enhanced Probiotic Spores Regulate the Intestinal Microenvironment for Targeted Acute Gastroenteritis Therapy.

Antibiotic therapeutics to combat intestinal pathogen infections often exacerbate microbiota dysbiosis and impair mucosal barrier functions. Probiotics are promising strategies, because they inhibit pathogen colonization and improve intestinal microbiota imbalance. Nevertheless, their limited targeting ability and susceptibility to oxidative stress have hindered their therapeutic potential. To tackle these challenges, Ces 3 is synthesized by in situ growth of CeO 2 nanozymes with positive charges on probiotic spores, facilitating electrostatic interactions with negatively charged pathogens and possessing a high reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity. Importantly, Ces 3 can resist the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract. In mice with S. Typhimurium-infected acute gastroenteritis, Ces 3 shows potent anti- S. Typhimurium activity, thereby alleviating the dissemination of S. Typhimurium into other organs. Additionally, owing to its O 2 deprivation capacity, Ces 3 promotes the proliferation of anaerobic probiotics, reshaping a healthy intestinal microbiota. This work demonstrates the promise of combining antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and O 2 content regulation properties for acute gastroenteritis therapy.