Compositional and Interfacial Engineering Yield High-Performance and Stable p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells and Mini-Modules.
Janardan DagarMarkus FenskeAmran Al-AshouriChristof SchultzBor LiHans KöblerRahim MunirGopinath ParmasivamJinzhao LiIgal LevineAboma MerdasaLukas KegelmannHampus NäsströmJose A MarquezThomas UnoldDaniel M TöbbensRutger SchlatmannBert StegemannAntonio AbateSteve AlbrechtEva L UngerPublished in: ACS applied materials & interfaces (2021)
Through the optimization of the perovskite precursor composition and interfaces to selective contacts, we achieved a p-i-n-type perovskite solar cell (PSC) with a 22.3% power conversion efficiency (PCE). This is a new performance record for a PSC with an absorber bandgap of 1.63 eV. We demonstrate that the high device performance originates from a synergy between (1) an improved perovskite absorber quality when introducing formamidinium chloride (FACl) as an additive in the "triple cation" Cs0.05FA0.79MA0.16PbBr0.51I2.49 (Cs-MAFA) perovskite precursor ink, (2) an increased open-circuit voltage, VOC, due to reduced recombination losses when using a lithium fluoride (LiF) interfacial buffer layer, and (3) high-quality hole-selective contacts with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) on ITO electrodes. While all devices exhibit a high performance after fabrication, as determined from current-density voltage, J-V, measurements, substantial differences in device performance become apparent when considering longer-term stability data. A reduced long-term stability of devices with the introduction of a LiF interlayer is compensated for by using FACl as an additive in the metal-halide perovskite thin-film deposition. Optimized devices maintained about 80% of the initial average PCE during maximum power point (MPP) tracking for >700 h. We scaled the optimized device architecture to larger areas and achieved fully laser patterned series-interconnected mini-modules with a PCE of 19.4% for a 2.2 cm2 active area. A robust device architecture and reproducible deposition methods are fundamental for high performance and stable large-area single junction and tandem modules based on PSCs.
Keyphrases
- perovskite solar cells
- solar cells
- room temperature
- high efficiency
- ionic liquid
- molecular dynamics simulations
- preterm infants
- minimally invasive
- dna damage
- network analysis
- stem cells
- electronic health record
- magnetic resonance
- cell therapy
- magnetic resonance imaging
- drinking water
- mass spectrometry
- quality improvement
- carbon nanotubes
- artificial intelligence