A mechanism-based approach unveils metabolic routes potentially mediating chlorantraniliprole synergism in honey bees, Apis mellifera L., by azole fungicides.

Honey bee CYP9Q enzymes are involved in chlorantraniliprole metabolism and inhibited by triazole fungicides possibly leading to synergism in acute contact toxicity bioassays. Our mechanistic approach has the potential to inform tier I honey bee pesticide risk assessment.