Evaluation of Recycled Spent Coffee Material Treated with Animal Glue, Starch, and Red Clay as Acid Materials.

Annual coffee consumption has increased to 10 million tons. Of the coffee consumed, 65% is discarded as spent coffee grounds (SCG). However, most SCG are buried in the ground as organic waste. The more coffee consumption increases, the more land is used for disposing of spent coffee. SCG recycling has gotten considerable attention as a solution involved in these issues. The construction community has studied means and methods to recycle SCG as construction materials, such as bricks, subgrade fillers, thermal insulators, etc. This paper presents a new method, which recycles SCG as a construction material, maximally using its acidity. The SCG were hardened with natural binders (i.e., animal glue (AG) and starch (S)) and red clay (RC). The SCG mixtures were pressed with 2 MPa in a cylindrical mold and cured for 7 days. Then, the strength, durability, and pH tests were measured. The AG- and RC-treated SCG sample, which outputs 1933 kPa of strength and a 4.9 pH value, is identified as the optimal sampling method among the acid materials produced in this study. The optimal sample decreases the pH to approximately 7 of water where 68% weight of Ordinary Portland cement was soaked in.