Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Fugus-Based Biocarbons for Malachite Green and NO 2 Removal.

The aim of the current study was to produce biocarbons through the activation of carbon dioxide with the extraction residues of the fungus Inonotus obliquus . To achieve this goal, a microwave oven was used to apply three different activation temperatures: 500, 600, and 700 °C. Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption was employed to determine the elemental composition, acid-base properties, and textural parameters of the resulting carbon adsorbents. Subsequently, the produced biocarbons were evaluated for their efficiency in removing malachite green and NO 2 . The adsorbent obtained by activation of the precursor in 700 °C had a specific surface area of 743 m 2 /g. In the aqueous malachite green solution, the highest measured sorption capacity was 176 mg/g. Conversely, under dry conditions, the sorption capacity for NO 2 on this biocarbon was 21.4 mg/g, and under wet conditions, it was 40.9 mg/g. According to the experimental findings, surface biocarbons had equal-energy active sites that interacted with the dye molecules. A pseudo-second-order kinetics model yielded the most accurate results, indicating that the adsorption of malachite green was driven by chemisorption. Additionally, the study demonstrates a clear correlation between the adsorption capacity of the biocarbons and the pH level of the solution, as it increases proportionately.