Challenges and Perspectives of Organic Multivalent Metal-Ion Batteries.

Rechargeable organic multivalent metal-ion batteries (MMIBs) have attracted a surge of interest as promising alternatives for large-scale energy storage applications because they can combine the advantages of both organic electrodes and multivalent metal-ion batteries. However, the development of organic MMIBs is hampered by many factors, which mean they lag far behind organic alkali-metal- (e.g., Li-, Na-, and K-) ion batteries. Herein, the challenges that are specifically faced by organic MMIBs are analyzed and the strategies that can probably solve such challenges are then discussed. As a special challenge that organic MMIBs are facing, the charge-storage mechanism is particularly underlined to deeply understand the structure-property relationships for guiding the future design of high-performance organic electrodes for MMIBs. The perspectives are thereby elaborated in this review with the outlook of practical applications of organic MMIBs.