Biomarkers in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus along with Metabolic Syndrome.
Fernanda-Isadora Corona-MerazMónica Vázquez-Del MercadoFlavio Sandoval-GarcíaJesus-Aureliano Robles-De AndaAlvaro-Jovanny Tovar-CuevasRoberto-Carlos Rosales-GómezMilton Omar Guzmán-OrnelasDaniel González-InostrozMiguel Peña-NavaBeatriz-Teresita Martín-MárquezPublished in: Journal of clinical medicine (2024)
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of physiological abnormalities characterized by obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and hypertriglyceridemia, which carry the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Immune and metabolic alterations have been observed in MetS and are associated with autoimmune development. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease caused by a complex interaction of environmental, hormonal, and genetic factors and hyperactivation of immune cells. Patients with SLE have a high prevalence of MetS, in which elevated CVD is observed. Among the efforts of multidisciplinary healthcare teams to make an early diagnosis, a wide variety of factors have been considered and associated with the generation of biomarkers. This review aimed to elucidate some primary biomarkers and propose a set of assessments to improve the projection of the diagnosis and evolution of patients. These biomarkers include metabolic profiles, cytokines, cardiovascular tests, and microRNAs (miRs), which have been observed to be dysregulated in these patients and associated with outcomes.
Keyphrases
- metabolic syndrome
- insulin resistance
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- type diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- end stage renal disease
- healthcare
- newly diagnosed
- chronic kidney disease
- disease activity
- multiple sclerosis
- uric acid
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- skeletal muscle
- high fat diet
- glycemic control
- coronary artery disease
- rheumatoid arthritis
- magnetic resonance
- image quality
- magnetic resonance imaging
- body mass index
- cardiovascular risk factors
- drug induced