Human noroviruses (huNoVs) cause epidemic acute gastroenteritis with significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, there are no commercial vaccines or antivirals against these important pathogens so far. In this study, we found that bovine colostrum (bCM) inhibited huNoV VLPs and their capsid-protruding (P) domains binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) that are huNoV receptor or attachment factors for infection, suggesting that bCM may function as a natural antiviral against huNoVs. We then characterized the bCM for the functional inhibition components by sequentially separating bCM into multiple fractions through various chromatography approaches, followed by determining their inhibitory abilities against huNoV receptor-binding P protein interacting with HBGAs. The protein components of bCM functional fractions were examined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Our data suggested that some milk proteins, likely in the form of glycoproteins, contribute to the observed blocking effects of bCM. Our findings lay an important foundation to further develop bCM into a potential natural antiviral against huNoVs.
Keyphrases
- binding protein
- endothelial cells
- mass spectrometry
- protein protein
- cardiovascular disease
- type diabetes
- liver failure
- human milk
- respiratory failure
- coronary artery disease
- small molecule
- intensive care unit
- dendritic cells
- risk assessment
- high resolution
- drug induced
- machine learning
- transcription factor
- immune response
- dna binding
- deep learning
- multidrug resistant
- mechanical ventilation
- simultaneous determination
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- aortic dissection