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Antiviral Mechanisms of N -Phenyl Benzamides on Coxsackie Virus A9.

Mira LaajalaKerttu KalanderSara ConsalviOlivier Sheik AmamuddyOzlem Tastan BishopMariangela BiavaGiovanna PoceVarpu S Marjomaki
Published in: Pharmaceutics (2023)
Enteroviruses are one of the most abundant groups of viruses infecting humans, and yet there are no approved antivirals against them. To find effective antiviral compounds against enterovirus B group viruses, an in-house chemical library was screened. The most effective compounds against Coxsackieviruses B3 (CVB3) and A9 (CVA9) were CL212 and CL213, two N -phenyl benzamides. Both compounds were more effective against CVA9 and CL213 gave a better EC 50 value of 1 µM with high a specificity index of 140. Both drugs were most effective when incubated directly with viruses suggesting that they mainly bound to the virions. A real-time uncoating assay showed that the compounds stabilized the virions and radioactive sucrose gradient as well as TEM confirmed that the viruses stayed intact. A docking assay, taking into account larger areas around the 2-and 3-fold axes of CVA9 and CVB3, suggested that the hydrophobic pocket gives the strongest binding to CVA9 but revealed another binding site around the 3-fold axis which could contribute to the binding of the compounds. Together, our data support a direct antiviral mechanism against the virus capsid and suggest that the compounds bind to the hydrophobic pocket and 3-fold axis area resulting in the stabilization of the virion.
Keyphrases
  • high throughput
  • single cell
  • molecular dynamics
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  • molecular dynamics simulations
  • transcription factor
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  • deep learning