Amenorrhea, premenstrual tension syndrome, and dysmenorrhea among women of reproductive age on hemodialysis: A national study in Egypt.

Secondary amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and PMS are common among premenopausal women with ESRD on dialysis. Several factors including socio-economic factors, cause of ESRD, and hypertension contribute to these disorders. Future studies are needed to understand the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and management of these abnormalities.