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Anatomical guide for botulinum neurotoxin injection: Application to cosmetic shoulder contouring, pain syndromes, and cervical dystonia.

Kyu-Ho YiHyung-Jin LeeYou-Jin ChoiKangwoo LeeJi-Hyun LeeHee-Jin Kim
Published in: Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) (2020)
We propose that BoNT treatments should be directed to the horizontal 1/5-2/5 and vertical 2/10-4/10 sections of the superior trapezius, the horizontal 1/5-3/5 and vertical 4/10-5/10 sections of the middle trapezius and the horizontal 1/5-2/5 and vertical 5/10-7/10 sections of the inferior trapezius. Additionally, injective treatment at the horizontal 2/5-3/5 and vertical 2/10-4/10 nerve entry points should be avoided to prevent nerve trunk damage causing paralysis. According to our guidelines, clinicians can ensure minimal dose injections and fewer adverse effects in botulinum neurotoxin injective treatment.
Keyphrases
  • early onset
  • palliative care
  • pain management
  • spinal cord