Revealing Lithium Nitrate-Mediated Solid-Electrolyte Interphase of Lithium Metal Anode via Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy.

The cycle stability of lithium metal anode (LMA) largely depends on solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Electrolyte engineering is a common strategy to adjust SEI properties, yet understanding its impact is challenging due to limited knowledge on ultrafine SEI structures. Herein, using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, we reveal the atomic-level SEI structure of LMA in ether-based electrolytes, focusing on the role of LiNO 3 additives in SEI modulation at different temperature (25 and 50 °C). Poor cycle stability of LMA in the baseline electrolyte without LiNO 3 additives stems from the Li 2 CO 3 -rich mosaic-type SEI. Increased LiNO 3 content and elevated operating temperature enhance cyclic performance by forming bilayer or multilayer SEI structures via preferential LiNO 3 decomposition, but may thicken the SEI, leading to reduced initial Coulombic efficiency and increased overpotential. The optimal SEI features a multilayer structure with Li 2 O-rich inner layer and closely packed grains in the outer layer, minimizing electrolyte decomposition or corrosion.