Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients: A cautionary tale on treating measurement error.

A scale to measure a psychological construct is subject to measurement error. When meta-analyzing correlations obtained from scale scores, many researchers recommend correcting for measurement error. I considered three caveats when correcting for measurement error in meta-analysis of correlations: (a) the distribution of true scores can be non-normal, resulting in violation of the normality assumption for raw correlations and Fisher's z transformed correlations; (b) coefficient alpha is often used as the reliability, but correlations corrected for measurement error using alpha can be inaccurate when some assumptions of alpha (e.g., tau-equivalence) are violated; and (c) item scores are often ordinal, making the disattenuation formula potentially problematic. Via three simulation studies, I examined the performance of two meta-analysis approaches-with raw correlations and z scores. In terms of estimation accuracy and coverage probability of the mean correlation, results showed that (a) considering the true-score distribution alone, estimation of the mean correlation was slightly worse when true scores of the constructs were skewed rather than normal; (b) when the tau-equivalence assumption was violated and coefficient alpha was used for correcting measurement error, the mean correlation estimates can be biased and coverage probabilities can be low; and (c) discretization of continuous items can result in biased estimates and undercoverage of the mean correlations even when tau-equivalence was satisfied. With more categories and/or items on a scale, results can improve whether tau-equivalence was met or not. Based on these findings, I gave recommendations for conducting meta-analyses of correlations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).