Unraveling the Photodissociation Branching and Pathways of Methane at 118 nm by Imaging the CH 3 , CH 2 , and CH Fragments.

Under irradiation of a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photon, methane dissociates and yields multiple fragments. This photochemical behavior is not only of fundamental importance but also with wide-ranging implications in several branches of science. Despite that and numerous previous investigations, the product channel branching is still under debate, and the underlying dissociation mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, the photofragment imaging technique was exploited for the first time to map out the momentum and anisotropy parameter distributions of the CH 3 , CH 2 , and CH fragments at the 118 nm photolysis wavelength (10.48 eV photon energy). In conjunction with previously reported results of the H atom fragment at 121.6 nm (10.2 eV), a complete set of product channel branching in both two-body and three-body fragmentations is accurately determined. We concluded that extensive nonadiabatic transitions partake in the processes with two-body fragmentations accounting for more than 90% of overall photodissociation, for which the channel branching values for CH 2 + H 2 and CH 3 + H are about 0.66 and 0.25, respectively. Careful kinematic analysis enables us to untangle the intertwined triple fragmentations into the CH 2 ( X̃ 3 B 1 and ã 1 A 1 ) + H + H and CH( X 2 Π) + H + H 2 channels and to evidence their underlying sequential (or stepwise) mechanisms. With the aid of electronic correlation and prior theoretical calculations of the potential energy surfaces, the most probable or dominant dissociation pathways are elucidated. Comparisons with fragmentary reports in the literature on various photochemical aspects are also documented, and discrepancies are clarified. This comprehensive study benchmarks the VUV photochemistry of methane and advances our understanding of this important process.