Ocular involvement in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: results of an extensive ophthalmological evaluation performed in the APS-Rio cohort.

Vasomotor phenomena are importantly related to ocular symptoms in PAPS. Vascular tortuosity was a frequent finding in PAPS patients. Peripheral vascular tortuosity was associated with triple positivity and might be a biomarker of ischemic microvascular retinopathy due to PAPS.