Inflammation is a hallmark of many diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, type II diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been a cornerstone in the management of various inflammatory, pain, and fever-related conditions. As a result, NSAIDs have found their applications in new therapeutic areas. NSAIDs are known to act by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. In recent years, new strategies have been proposed to counter inflammation and develop safer COX inhibitors. This review discusses the design of new COX inhibitors, the derivatization of conventional NSAIDs, and their biological applications. The review also presents an integrated classification of NSAIDs incorporating both traditional chemical-based and function-based approaches, including a brief overview of the NSAIDs of natural origins. Additionally, the review addresses adverse effects associated with different NSAIDs, including effects associated with cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic complications emphasizing the need for the development of new and safer COX inhibitors.
Keyphrases
- anti inflammatory drugs
- oxidative stress
- rheumatoid arthritis
- machine learning
- type diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- deep learning
- chronic pain
- pain management
- cognitive decline
- skeletal muscle
- nitric oxide
- young adults
- liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- weight loss
- lung function
- liquid chromatography
- mass spectrometry
- air pollution
- cystic fibrosis
- systemic sclerosis
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- ankylosing spondylitis
- drug induced
- interstitial lung disease