Clinicopathological features of kidney injury in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) combined with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy.

Kidney injury in patients treated with combination therapy of ICPi and anti-VEGF shows hybrid pathological patterns and intermediate clinical features compared with monotherapy. Cohorts with larger sample and better design, as well as basic research, are needed to elucidate the mechanism of 'protection' effect of combination anti-cancer therapy to renal function.