Current Update on Role of Hesperidin in Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Drug Delivery Approaches.
Salman B HosawiPublished in: Life (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
Inflammation is a common feature of many respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, acute lung injury, and COVID-19. Flavonoids have demonstrated their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by influencing inflammation at different stages and majorly impacting several respiratory diseases' onset and development. According to current studies, hesperidin, one of the most abundant polyphenols, can inhibit transcription factors or regulatory enzymes essential for controlling inflammation-linked mediators, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It also improved cellular antioxidant defences by activating the ERK/Nrf2 signalling pathway. Therefore, this review provides the latest studies on the effect of hesperidin in different respiratory diseases, its pharmacokinetic profile, and innovative drug delivery methods.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- nuclear factor
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- nitric oxide synthase
- drug delivery
- anti inflammatory
- signaling pathway
- toll like receptor
- transcription factor
- nitric oxide
- lung function
- pulmonary fibrosis
- lps induced
- coronavirus disease
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- deep learning
- intensive care unit
- cell proliferation
- pi k akt
- immune response
- machine learning
- air pollution
- neural network
- community acquired pneumonia