Substrate-Dependent Physical Aging of Confined Nafion Thin Films.

The humidity-induced physical aging, or structural relaxation, of spin-cast Nafion thin films on gold, carbon, and native oxide silicon (n-SiO 2 ) substrates was examined using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Physical aging rates, β, were calculated from the change in measured sample thickness, h , upon exposure to controlled humidity. Three Nafion films, h = 188, 57, and 27 nm, deposited on gold substrates demonstrated an increased β with decreasing thickness due to confinement. The Nafion film on n-SiO 2 , h = 165 nm, also showed a humidity-induced aging, while a Nafion film deposited on carbon, h = 190 nm, exhibited no measurable humidity-induced aging. The reported rate of aging was related to the strength of the polymer/substrate interactions during film formation. Strong interactions between Nafion and the gold and n-SiO 2 substrates anchored the thin film to the substrate during film formation, resulting in a nonequilibrium as-cast film and subsequent relaxation upon exposure to water vapor until complete plasticization. Weak interactions between the carbon substrate and Nafion resulted in fully relaxed as-cast films which displayed no relaxation upon hydration.