Fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography biomarkers associated with the progression of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration.

Among a wide range of investigated biomarkers, SDD and FAF patterns, particularly in interaction with HRF, significantly impact GA progression. Fully automated quantification of retinal imaging biomarkers such as HRF is both reliable and merited as HRF are indicators of retinal pigment epithelium dysmorphia, a central pathogenetic mechanism in GA. Identifying disease markers using the combination of FAF and SD-OCT is of high prognostic value and facilitates individualized patient management in a clinical setting.