Metformin Inducing the Change of Functional and Exhausted Phenotypic Tumor-Infiltrated Lymphocytes and the Correlation with JNK Signal Pathway in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Our study demonstrated that metformin increased the functional phenotype of TILs and associated with JNK pathway, and suppressed the exhausted phenotype of TILs independently to JNK pathway in TNBC microenvironment. Further studies are needed to explore the basic mechanism of action of the drug. Metformin has potentially enhanced efficacy when used in combination with immunotherapy against TNBC.