Clinical neuroimaging in intracerebral haemorrhage related to cerebral small vessel disease: contemporary practice and emerging concepts.

ICH is not a single disease, but results from a defined range of vascular pathologies with important implications for prognosis and treatment. The terms 'primary' and 'hypertensive' ICH are poorly defined and should be avoided, as they encourage incomplete investigation and classification. Imaging-based criteria for CAA will show improved diagnostic accuracy, but specific imaging biomarkers of DPA are needed. Ultra-high-field 7 T-MRI using structural and quantitative MRI may provide further insights into mechanisms and pathophysiology of small vessel disease. We expect neuroimaging biomarkers and classifications to allow personalized treatments (e.g. antithrombotic drugs) in clinical practice and to improve patient selection and monitoring in trials of targeted therapies directed at the underlying arteriopathies.