Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies.
Dong-Shan ZhuHsin-Fang ChungNirmala PandeyaAnnette J DobsonJanet Elisabeth CadeDarren Charles GreenwoodSybil L CrawfordNancy E AvisEllen B GoldEllen S MitchellNancy Fugate WoodsDebra Jane AndersonDaniel E BrownLynnette L SievertEric J BrunnerDiana KuhRebecca HardyKunihiko HayashiJung Su LeeHideki MizunumaGraham G GilesFiona Jane BruinsmaTherese TillinMette Kildevæld SimonsenHans-Olov AdamiElisabete WeiderpassMarie-Christine Boutron-RuaultMarie-Laure AncelinPanayotes DemakakosGita Devi MishraPublished in: PLoS medicine (2018)
The probability of earlier menopause is positively associated with intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and earlier initiation of smoking. Smoking duration is a much stronger predictor of premature and early menopause than others. Our findings highlight the clear benefits for women of early smoking cessation to lower their excess risk of earlier menopause.