Suppression of self-discharge in solid-state supercapacitors using a zwitterionic gel electrolyte.

The zwitterionic gel electrolyte developed here endows solid-state supercapacitors with low self-discharge during open circuit operation, whilst maintaining superior electrochemical performance during closed circuit operation. The improved performance of the zwitterionic gel electrolyte is due to the different properties of the electrolyte exhibited in the charging/discharging processes.