Hierarchical Structures in Macromolecule-Assembled Synthetic Cells.

Various models of synthetic cells have been developed as researchers have sought to explore the origins of life. Based on the fact that structural complexity is the foundation of higher-order functions, this review focuses on hierarchical structures in synthetic cell models that are inspired by living systems, in which macromolecules are the dominant participants. The underlying advantages and functions provided by biomimetic higher-order structures are discussed from four perspectives, including hierarchical structures in membranes, in the composite construction of membrane-coated artificial cytoplasm, in organelle-like subcellular compartments, as well as in synthetic cell-cell assembled synthetic tissues. In parallel, various feasible driving forces and approaches for the fabrication of such higher-order structures are showcased. Furthermore, both the implemented and potential applications of biomimetic systems, bottom-up biosynthesis, biomedical tissue engineering, and disease therapy are highlighted. This thriving field is gradually narrowing the gap between fundamental research and applied science.