AKT is a protein kinase that exists in three isoforms: AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3. Though similar in structure, these isoforms display different effects. AKT is activated downstream of PI3K, and together, this signaling pathway helps regulate cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, and apoptosis. Disruption in these pathways has been associated with disorders including cardiovascular diseases, developmental disorders, inflammatory responses, autoimmune diseases, neurologic disorders, type 2 diabetes, and several cancers. In cancer, deregulation in the PI3K/AKT pathway can be manifested as tumorigenesis, pathological angiogenesis, and metastasis. Increased activity has been correlated with tumor progression and resistance to cancer treatments. Recent studies have suggested that inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway plays a significant role in the development, expansion, and proliferation of cells of the immune system. Additionally, AKT has been found to play an important role in differentiating regulatory T cells, activating B cells, and augmenting tumor immunosurveillance. This emphasizes AKT as a potential target for inhibition in cancer therapy. This chapter reviews AKT structure and regulation, its different isoforms, its role in immune cells, and its modulation in oncotherapy.
Keyphrases
- signaling pathway
- induced apoptosis
- pi k akt
- cell proliferation
- regulatory t cells
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- type diabetes
- cell cycle arrest
- immune response
- papillary thyroid
- cardiovascular disease
- cell death
- dendritic cells
- computed tomography
- oxidative stress
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- squamous cell carcinoma
- metabolic syndrome
- magnetic resonance
- endothelial cells
- systematic review
- adipose tissue
- climate change
- coronary artery disease