Did poisoning play a role in Napoleon's death? A systematic review.
Daniela MarchettiFrancesca CittadiniNadia De GiovanniPublished in: Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2020)
Upon review of the contemporary and modern evidence, we classify Napoleon's 1821 death as "unnatural" with massive gastric bleeding due to primary involvement of toxic substances that may have precipitated or exacerbated an underlying "natural" pathological condition or a disease as likely could be a stomach carcinoma; it does not imply criminal intent.
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