Variability of leaf photosynthetic characteristics in rice and its relationship with resistance to water stress under different nitrogen nutrition regimes.

The negative effects of water stress on rice can be alleviated by NH4 + nutrition. However, the effects of mixed nitrogen (N) nutrition (NO3 -  + NH4 + ) on resistance to water stress are still not well known. To investigate the response of rice growth to water stress and its relationship with photosynthetic characteristics, a hydroponic experiment supplying different N forms was conducted. Compared with NO3 - nutrition, mixed-N and NH4 + nutrition greatly alleviated the reduction of leaf area, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis under water stress, whilst subsequently maintaining higher biomass. In contrast, water stress inhibited the root-shoot ratios in NH4 + - and mixed-N-supplied plants, indicating reduced root growth and higher photosynthate availability to shoots. The following key observations were made: (1) a similar stomatal limitation and low proportion of activated Rubisco were observed among the three different N nutrition regimes; (2) increased mesophyll conductance in NH4 + - and mixed-N-supplied plants simultaneously stimulated leaf photosynthesis and improved the water use efficiency and (3), the maximum carboxylation rate and actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in NH4 + - and mixed-N-supplied plants were significantly higher than that in NO3 - -supplied plants, thus resulting in higher photochemical efficiency under water stress. In conclusion, mixed-N and NH4 + nutrition may be used to develop strategies for improved water stress resistance and stimulated biomass production under conditions of osmotic stress and possibly drought.