Impact of the exposome on cardiovascular disease.

Air pollution, noise pollution, and light pollution have emerged as important but often overlooked risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we examine the emerging concept of the exposome, highlighting the close relationship between environmental exposure (e.g. PM 2.5 , traffic noise, and night light) and cardiovascular disease, finally addressing the possible mitigation strategies that should be implemented to reduce the impact of air, noise, and light pollution on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.