The Risk of Nonunion in Smokers Revisited: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Ravi S NunnaPhilip B OstrovDarius AnsariJoseph R DettoriPeriklis GodoliasElias EliasAngela TranRod J OskouianRobert HartAmir Abdul-JabbarKeith L JacksonJohn G DevineAnkit I MehtaOwoicho AdogwaJens R ChapmanPublished in: Global spine journal (2021)
Smoking status carried a global risk of nonunion for spinal fusion procedures regardless of follow-up time, location, number of segments fused, or grafting material. Further comparative studies with robust methodology are necessary to establish treatment guidelines tailored to smokers.