Modelling optimal timing and frequency of insecticide sprays for eradication or knockdown of closed populations of tsetse flies Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae).

A population model for tsetse species was used to assess the optimal number and spacing of airborne sprays to reduce or eradicate a tsetse population. It was found that the optimal spray spacing was determined by the time (days) from adult emergence to the first larviposition and, for safety, spacing was assigned to that duration minus 2 days. If sprays killed all adults, then the number of sprays required for eradication is determined by a simple formula. If spray efficiency is less than 100% kill per spray, then a simulation was used to determine the optimal number, which was strongly affected by spray efficiency, mean daily temperature, pupal duration, age to first larviposition and the acceptance threshold for control, rather than eradication. For eradication, it is necessary to have a spray efficiency of greater than 99.9% to avoid requiring an excessive number of sprays. Output from the simulation was compared with the results of two aerial spraying campaigns against tsetse and a least squares analysis estimated that, in both cases, the kill efficiency of the sprays was not significantly less than 100%.