Modulo-addition operation enables terahertz programmable metasurface for high-resolution two-dimensional beam steering.

Electrically controlled terahertz (THz) beamforming antennas are essential for various applications such as wireless communications, security checks, and radar to improve coverage and information capacity. The emerging programmable metasurface provides a flexible, cost-effective platform for THz beam steering. However, scaling such arrays to achieve high-gain beam steering faces several technical challenges. Here, we propose a pixelated liquid crystal THz metasurface with a crossbar structure, thereby increasing the array scale to more than 3000. The coding pattern on the programmable device is generated by the modulo-addition of the coding sequences on the top and bottom layers. We experimentally demonstrate the programmable liquid crystal metasurface capable of active beam deflection in the upper half-space. This scale-up of programmable devices opens exciting opportunities in pencil beamforming, high-speed information processing, and optical computing.