Atom manufacturing of photocatalyst towards solar CO 2 reduction.

Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) is believed to be a promising remedy to simultaneously lessen CO 2 emission and obtain high value-added products, but suffers from the thwarted activity of photocatalyst and poor selectivity of product. Over the past decade, aided by the significant advances in nanotechnology, the atom manufacturing of photocatalyst, including vacancies, dopants, single-atom catalysts, strains, have emerged as efficient approaches to precisely mediate the reaction intermediates and processes, which push forward in the rapid development of highly efficient and selective photocatalytic CO 2 RR. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in highly efficient and/or selective photocatalysts toward CO 2 RR with the special focus on various atom manufacturing. The mechanisms of these atom manufacturing from active sites creation, light absorbability, and electronic structure modulation are comprehensively and scientifically discussed. In addition, we attempt to establish the structure-activity relationship between active sites and photocatalytic CO 2 RR capability by integrating theoretical simulations and experimental results, which will be helpful for insights into mechanism pathways of CO 2 RR over defective photocatalysts. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects in this field to improve the photocatalytic CO 2 RR performances are proposed, which can shed some light on designing more potential photocatalysts through atomic regulations toward CO 2 conversion.