The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Aleksandra Bykowska-Derda Marcin Spychala Magdalena Człapka-Matyasik Mariusz SojkaJerzy BykowskiMariusz Ptak

Published in: Foods (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)

This systematic literature review shows that total water hardness could affect CVD prevention and mortality. Due to the many confounding factors in the studies, more research is needed.

Keyphrases

drinking water
cardiovascular events
cardiovascular disease
health risk
health risk assessment
risk factors
case report
metabolic syndrome
cardiovascular risk factors