Cardiovascular risk assessment tools in Asia.
Yu-Qing ZhangHuanhuan MiaoYook-Chin ChiaPeera BuranakitjaroenSaulat SiddiqueJong Shin WooYuda TuranaKyeong Hyeon ChunKelvin Kam-Fai TsoiShao-Yuan ChuangBabangida S ChoriYan LiHuynh Van MinhMichiaki NagaiJennifer NailesJorge SisonArieska Ann SoenartaGuru Prasad SogunuruApichard SukonthasarnJam Chin TayBoon Wee TeoNarsingh VermaTzung-Dau WangKazuomi KarioKazuomi KarioJiguang WangPublished in: Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) (2022)
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is becoming the most important burden to health care systems in most part of the world, especially in Asia. Aiming at identifying high risk individuals and tailoring preventive treatment, many cardiovascular risk assessment tools have been established and most of them were developed in Western countries. However, these cardiovascular risk assessment tools cannot be used interchangeably without recalibration because of the different risk factor profiles (ie, greater absolute burden of hypertension and lower level of total-cholesterol in Asians and higher prevalence of metabolic disorders in South Asians) and different CVD profiles (higher ratio of stroke/coronary heart disease in Asians) between Western and Asian populations. Original risk models such as Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China (China-PAR) and Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study (JALS) score have been developed and well validated for specific countries, while most of countries/regions in Asia are using established models. Due to higher incidence of stroke in Asians, risk factors like hypertension should weigh more in cardiovascular risk assessment comparing with Western populations, but their actual proportions should be based on CVD profiles in specific countries/regions. The authors encourage the development of new cardiovascular risk assessment tools for Asians, if possible. Still, modifying established models with native epidemiological data of risk factor as well as CVD is acceptable in regions where health care resources are insufficient.
Keyphrases
- risk assessment
- risk factors
- human health
- healthcare
- heavy metals
- cardiovascular disease
- blood pressure
- south africa
- atrial fibrillation
- type diabetes
- coronary artery disease
- metabolic syndrome
- cardiovascular risk factors
- blood brain barrier
- electronic health record
- combination therapy
- smoking cessation
- cardiovascular events