Patterns of chronic and transient hyperkalaemia and clinically important outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Between 4% and 17% of patients with CKD G3-5 develop chronic hyperkalaemia. In general, hyperkalaemia predicted MACE and death; however, the lack of effect of current potassium on MACE when adjusted for the previous pattern, and the stronger effects on death than on MACE, lead us to question whether hyperkalaemia is causal in these relationships.