Contribution of cerebral microvascular mechanisms to age-related cognitive impairment and dementia.
Xing FangReece F CrumplerKirby N ThomasJena' N MaziqueRichard J RomanFan FanPublished in: Physiology international (2022)
Cognitive impairment and dementia are significant health burdens worldwide. Aging, hypertension, and diabetes are the primary risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD). There are no effective treatments for AD/ADRD to date. An emerging body of evidence indicates that cerebral vascular dysfunction and hypoperfusion precedes the development of other AD pathological phenotypes and cognitive impairment. However, vascular contribution to dementia is not currently well understood. This commentary highlights the emerging concepts and mechanisms underlying the microvascular contribution to AD/ADRD, including hypotheses targeting the anterograde and retrograde cerebral vascular pathways, as well as the cerebral capillaries and the venous system. We also briefly discuss vascular endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular senescence that may contribute to impaired cerebral blood flow autoregulation, neurovascular uncoupling, and dysfunction of cerebral capillaries and the venous system.
Keyphrases
- cognitive impairment
- cerebral blood flow
- oxidative stress
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- mild cognitive impairment
- cerebral ischemia
- dna damage
- blood pressure
- cardiovascular disease
- cognitive decline
- public health
- brain injury
- adipose tissue
- metabolic syndrome
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- skeletal muscle
- induced apoptosis
- nitric oxide
- drug delivery
- social media
- drug induced