A Decreasing Trend of Nitrous Oxide Emissions From California Cropland From 2000 to 2015.

Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture requires an understanding of spatial-temporal dynamics of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. Process-based models can quantify N 2 O emissions from agricultural soils but have rarely been applied to regions with highly diverse agriculture. In this study, a process-based biogeochemical model, DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC), was applied to quantify spatial-temporal dynamics of direct N 2 O emissions from California cropland employing a wide range of cropping systems. DNDC simulated direct N 2 O emissions from nitrogen (N) inputs through applications of synthetic fertilizers and crop residues during 2000-2015 by linking the model with a spatial-temporal differentiated database containing data on weather, crop areas, soil properties, and management. Simulated direct N 2 O emissions ranged from 3,830 to 7,875 tonnes N 2 O-N yr -1 , representing 0.73%-1.21% of the N inputs. N 2 O emission rates were higher for hay and field crops and lower for orchard and vineyard. State cropland total N 2 O emissions showed a decreasing trend primarily driven by reductions of cropland area and N inputs, the trend toward growing more orchard, and changes in irrigation. Annual direct N 2 O emissions declined by 47% from 2000 to 2015. Simulations showed N 2 O emission variations could be explained not only by cropland area and N fertilizer inputs but also climate, soil properties, and management besides N fertilization. The detailed spatial-temporal emission dynamics and driving factors provide knowledge toward effective N 2 O mitigation and highlight the importance of coupling process-based models with high-resolution data for characterizing the spatial-temporal variability of N 2 O emissions in regions with diverse croplands.