Unpaved road particulate matter emission rates and vehicle-induced transient plume characteristics.

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from unpaved rural roads presents a potential inhalation hazard to people living and working near them. In the absence of site-specific exposure data, plume dispersion modeling can be used to predict ambient particulate concentrations in the vicinity of the unpaved roads. Hourly averaged PM 10 concentrations were measured near a gravel road using an EPA reference method resulting in a geometric mean of 50 μg m -3 . With these ambient concentrations, the AERMOD plume dispersion model was used to derive a PM emission factor of 444 g/VKT (grams per vehicle kilometer travelled). This result was lower than the emission factor calculated using the EPA's AP-42 guidance for unpaved roads (795 g/VKT). The transient nature of the plume of PM concentrations due to road traffic was also evaluated using a direct-reading instrument. Vehicle speed and wind speed were found to be significant determinants of PM concentration, average PM concentration, and total PM mass for each plume. Each vehicle produced an average concentration of 4096 μg m -3 over the duration of the plume. Therefore, residents near the road are potentially exposed to substantially higher short-term concentrations from individual plumes than would be indicated by hourly averages.