Transdermal Properties of Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Applications and Skin Penetration Mechanisms.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) consist of 5-30 amino acids with intracellular transduction abilities and diverse physicochemical properties, origins, and sequences. Although recent developments in bioinformatics have facilitated the prediction of CPP candidates with the potential for transduction into cells, the mechanisms by which CPPs penetrate cells and various tissues have not yet been elucidated at the molecular interaction level. Recently, the skin-penetrating ability of CPPs has gained wide attention and emerged as a simple and effective strategy for the delivery of macromolecules into the skin. Studies on the skin structure have suggested that the penetration potential of CPPs is based on the molecular interactions and characteristics of the lipid lamellar structure between corneocytes in the stratum corneum. This review provides a brief overview of the general properties, transduction mechanisms, applications, and safety issues of CPPs, focusing on CPPs with transdermal properties, that are currently being used to develop therapeutics and cosmetics.