A Dual-Biomineralized Yeast Micro-/Nanorobot with Self-Driving Penetration for Gastritis Therapy and Motility Recovery.

Micro-/nanorobots have attracted great interest in the field of drug delivery and treatment, while preparations for biocompatible robots are extremely challenging. Here, a self-driving yeast micro-/nanorobot (Cur@CaY-robot) is designed via dual biomineralization and acid catalysis of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Inner nano-CaCO 3 inside yeast cells (CaY) is biomineralized through cell respiration and provides nanoscaffolds for highly encapsulating curcumin (Cur). Meanwhile, the CaCO 3 crystals outside yeast cells (outer-CaCO 3 ) through uniaxial growth offer an asymmetric power source for self-propelled motility. The Cur@CaY-robot displays an efficient motion in gastric acid, with the potential for deep penetration to the thick gastric mucus, which significantly improves the accumulation of drug agents in the stomach wall tissue for robust gastritis therapy. More importantly, Ca 2+ cations released from the Cur@CaY-robot also synergistically repair the gastric motility of gastritis mice. Such yeast micro-/nanorobots exhibit desirable biocompatibility and biodegradability with a good loading capacity for drugs. This work provides an idea for the design of micro-/nanorobots through an environmentally friendly biosynthesis strategy for active drug delivery and precise therapy.