Intraluminal valves: development, function and disease.
Xin GengBoksik ChaMd Riaj MahamudRajanarayanan Sathishkumar SrinivasanPublished in: Disease models & mechanisms (2018)
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which function in parallel to provide nutrients and remove waste from the body. Vascular function depends on valves, which regulate unidirectional fluid flow against gravitational and pressure gradients. Severe valve disorders can cause mortality and some are associated with severe morbidity. Although cardiac valve defects can be treated by valve replacement surgery, no treatment is currently available for valve disorders of the veins and lymphatics. Thus, a better understanding of valves, their development and the progression of valve disease is warranted. In the past decade, molecules that are important for vascular function in humans have been identified, with mouse studies also providing new insights into valve formation and function. Intriguing similarities have recently emerged between the different types of valves concerning their molecular identity, architecture and development. Shear stress generated by fluid flow has also been shown to regulate endothelial cell identity in valves. Here, we review our current understanding of valve development with an emphasis on its mechanobiology and significance to human health, and highlight unanswered questions and translational opportunities.
Keyphrases
- aortic valve
- aortic stenosis
- aortic valve replacement
- transcatheter aortic valve replacement
- mitral valve
- transcatheter aortic valve implantation
- human health
- risk assessment
- heavy metals
- minimally invasive
- endothelial cells
- heart failure
- lymph node
- type diabetes
- cardiovascular disease
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- cardiovascular events
- newly diagnosed
- vascular endothelial growth factor